Basic Bread Recipe

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Ingredients:
  • 1kg / just over 2 lb strong bread flour
  • 625 mL / just over 1 pint tepid water
  • 30g / 1oz fresh yeast or 3 x 7g / 1/4oz sachets dried yeast
  • 2 Tbsp sugar
  • 2 level Tbsp sea salt
  • extra flour for dusting

Directions:
Stage 1: Making a Well

  • Pile the flour on to a clean surface and make a large well in the centre. Pour half your water into the well, then add your yeast, sugar and salt and stir with a fork.

Stage 2: Getting it Together

  • Slowly, but confidently, bring in the flour from the inside of the well. (You don’t want to break the walls of the well, or the water will go everywhere.)
  • Continue to bring the flour in to the centre until you get a stodgy, porridge consistency – then add the remaining water.
  • Continue to mix until it’s stodgy again, then you can be more aggressive, bringing in all the flour, making the mix less sticky.
  • Flour your hands and pat and push the dough together with all the remaining flour. (Certain flours needs a little more or less water, so feel free to adjust.)

Stage 3: Kneading!

  • This is where you get stuck in.
  • With a bit of elbow grease, simply push, fold, slap and roll the dough around, over and over, for 4 or 5 minutes until you have a silky and elastic dough.

Stage 4: First Prove

  • Flour the top of your dough.
  • Put it in a bowl, cover with clingfilm, and allow it to prove for about half an hour until doubled in size – ideally in a warm, moist, draught-free place.
  • This will improve the flavour and texture of your dough and it’s always exciting to know that the old yeast has kicked into action.

Stage 5: Second Prove, Flavouring and Shaping

  • Once the dough has doubled in size, knock the air out for 30 seconds by bashing it and squashing it.
  • You can now shape it or flavour it as required – folded, filled, tray-baked, whatever – and leave it to prove for a second time for 30 minutes to an houruntil it has doubled in size once more.
  • This is the most important part, as the second prove will give it the air that finally ends up being cooked into your brea, giving you the really light, soft texture that we all love in fresh bread.
  • So remember – don’t fiddle with it, just let it do its thing!

Stage 6: Cooking Your Bread

  • Very gently place your bread dough on to a flour-dusted baking tray and into a pre-heated oven.
  • Don’t slam the door or you’ll lose the air that you need.
  • Bake according to the time and temperature given with your chosen recipe.
  • You can tell if it’s cooked by tapping its bottom – if it sounds hollow it’s done, if it doesn’t then pop it back in for a little longer.
  • Once cooked, place on a rack and allow it to cool for at least 30 minutes – fandabidozi.
  • Feel free to freeze any leftover bread.
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Tips for a perfect pie

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From an old instant pie crust package…

  • For a crispier crust, brush with beaten egg white and bake unfilled crust at 375°F / 190°C for 5 minutes
  • Place pie on baking sheet before filling to prevent spills.
  • Invert plastic lid and use to cover prepared pie; press foil edge down to hold lid in place.
  • Quick and Easy Pie Fillings: Start with 3 cups of softened ice cream, frozen yogurt, sherbet or prepared instant pudding. Stir in 1 cup of one of the following: fruit pieces, cookie pieces, or a combination of raisins and nuts. Fill crust and refrigerate or freeze until firm.

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Quick Cookie Tips

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Mom’s 3×5’s

Cookie carieties are divided into five basic types:
  • bar
  • drop
  • refrigerator
  • roll
  • shaped

These types are determined by the consistency of the dough and how it is formed into cookies.

Colored sugar, sprinkles, and candies are a fun and easy way to dress up and decorate cookies.

Remove butter, margarine, and cream cheese from the refrigerator to soften prior to baking.

For even baking and browning of cookies, bake them in the center of the oven. If the heat distribution in your oven is uneven, turn the cookie sheet halfway through the baking time.

Unbaked cookie dough can be refrigerated for up to two weeks or frozen up to six weeks. Label the dough with the baking information and the date for convenience.

Most cookies bake quickly and should be watched to avoid overbaking. Check them at the minimum baking time, and then watch them carefully to make sure they don’t burn. Check for doneness by using the test given in the recipe.

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Metric Conversion Chart

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From mom’s 3×5’s

Volume Measurments (Dry)

  • 1/8 teaspoon = 0.5 mL
  • 1/4 teaspoon = 1 mL
  • 1/2 teaspoon – 2 mL
  • 3/4 teaspoon = 4 mL
  • 1 tablespoon = 5 mL
  • 2 tablespoons = 30 mL
  • 1/4 cup = 60 mL
  • 1/3 cup = 75 mL
  • 1/2 cup = 125 mL
  • 2/3 cup = 150 mL
  • 3/4 cup = 175 mL
  • 1 cup = 250 mL
  • 2 cups = 1 pint = 500 mL
  • 3 cups = 750 mL
  • 4 cups = 1 quart = 1 L

Volume Measurements (Fluid)

  • 1 fluid ounce (2 tablespoons) = 30 mL
  • 4 fluid ounces (1/2 cup) = 125 mL
  • 8 fluid ounces (1 cup) = 250 mL
  • 12 fluid ounces (1 1/2 cups) = 375 mL
  • 16 fluid ounces (2 cups) = 500 mL

Weights (mass)

  • 1/2 ounce = 15 g
  • 1 ounce = 30 g
  • 3 ounces = 90 g
  • 4 ounces = 120 g
  • 8 ounces = 225 g
  • 10 ounces = 285 g
  • 12 ounces = 360 g
  • 16 ounces = 1 pound = 450 g

Dimensions

  • 1/16 inch = 2 mm
  • 1/8 inch = 3 mm
  • 1/4 inch = 6 mm
  • 1/2 inch = 1.5 cm
  • 3/4 inch = 2 cm
  • 1 inch = 2.5 cm

Oven Temperatures

  • 250°F = 120°C
  • 275°F = 140°C
  • 300°F = 150°C
  • 325°F = 160°C
  • 350°F = 180°C
  • 375°F = 190°C
  • 400°F = 200°C
  • 425°F = 220°C
  • 450°F = 230°C

Baking Pan Sizes

Baking or Cake Pan (square or rectangular)

  • 8X8X2 = 2 L = 20cm X 20cm X 5cm
  • 9X9X2 = 2.5 L = 23cm X 23cm X 5cm
  • 12X8X2 = 3 L = 30cm X 20cm X 5cm
  • 13X9X2 = 3.5 L = 33cm X 23cm X 5cm

Loaf Pan

  • 8X4X3 = 1.5 L = 20cm X 10cm X 7cm
  • 9X5X3 = 2 L = 23cm X 13cm X 7cm

Round Layer Cake Pan

  • 8 X 1 1/2 = 1.2 L = 20cm X 4cm
  • 9 X 1 1/2 = 1.5 L = 23cm X 4cm

Pie Plate

  • 8 X 1 1/4 = 750 mL = 20cm X 3cm
  • 9 X 1 1/4 = 1 L = 23cm X 3cm

Baking Dish or Casserole

  • 1 quart = 1 L
  • 1 1/2 quart = 1.5 L
  • 2 quart = 2 L

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Making Marinades and Sauces

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More wise tips from mom’s old 3×5’s

Marinades enhance the flavour of food, and certain marinades (with acidic ingredients) help tenderize tougher cuts of meat.

Heavy-duty, resealable plastic bags are ideal for holding foods as they marinate. Turn marinating foods occasionally to let the flavour infuse evenly.

Marinate foods in the refrigerator – not at room temperature.

Marinades can be used as basting and dipping sauces after the food is removed. First, the marinade must be boiled for a minimum of 1 minute. This will kill any harmful bacteria that may have contaminated the marinade.

Basting sauces containing sugar, honey, or tomato products should be applied near the end of the grilling process. This will prevent the food from charring.

Basting sauces made from seasoned oils and butters may be brushed on throughout grilling. Oils and butters prevent leaner cuts of meat from drying out.

Always remember – Kiss the cook!

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Is It Done Yet?

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Here is another gem from the 3×5’s – but then a meat thermometer tells you most of this now a days…

Casseroles
  • until hot and bubbly
  • until heated through
  • until cheese melts

Seafood – Fish

  • until fish begins to flake when tested with a fork

Seafood – Shrimp

  • until shrimp are pink and opaque

Sauces

  • until (slightly) thickened

Soups

  • until heated through

Stews

  • Until meat is tender
  • until vegetables are tender

Vegetables

  • until crisp/tender
  • until tender
  • until browned

Meat – Beef (roast or steak)

  • medium – 160°F
  • well done – 170°F

Meat – Beef (ground)

  • Cook to 160°F

Meat – Lamb

  • medium – 145°F
  • well done – 160°F

Meat – Pork

  • Cook to 160°F

Meat – Poultry (Chicken/Turkey)

  • until temperature in thigh is – 165°F (whole bird)
  • until chicken is no longer pink in centre
  • until temperature in breast is 165°F

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General Substitutions

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Some of this may be handy, now a days with Google, that would normally be my first port of call but posterity and all…

[table id=2 /]

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Flavourful Herbs and Spices

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        • Herbs refer to the edible leaves of certain plants used to flavour food.

       

        • Spices refer to the seeds, bark, and roots of plants. They add flavour to both savoury and sweet foods.

       

        • Basil (herb) is a member of the mint family and can be used fresh or dried. Basil is most commonly used in Italian dishes such as pestos, pasta sauces, soups, and salads.

       

        • Chives (herb) are part of the onion family. They are more often used fresh. Chives add a wonderful flavour to eggs, salads, vegetables, sauces, and dips.

       

        • Cumin (spice) is available in whole seeds or ground. It is an ingredient in curry and chili powder. Cumin is often used in Latin, Middle Eastern, Asian, and Mediterranean cooking.

       

        • Curry Powder (spice) is a blend of many different spices, herbs, and seeds. The flavour can range from mild, used with fish and eggs, to pungent, used with meats and fish.

       

        • Dill Weed (herb) is a member of the parsley family. It has a distinctive flavour and is an excellent complement to fish, meat, salads, and sauces.

       

        • Paprika (spice) is a ground, red spice ranging from mild, to pungent and hot. Milder domestic paprika is used to garnish light-coloured, savory foods, while stronger Hungarian paprika actually flavours food.

       

      • Parsley (herb) is one of the most widely used herbs in cooking. It can be used fresh or dried. Parsley has a mild, sweet flavour that works well in egg, meat, and fish dishes, sauces, and salads.

      While I use 90% of these herbs and spices on a weekly basis, I actually learned a thing or two while typing this up…

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Cooking Terms You Should Know

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        • Crisp: To refresh or to make firm and brittle. To crisp vegetables, soak them in ice water. To crisp pretzels or crackers, heat them in a 300°F / 150°C oven.

       

        • Dice: To cut food into small, uniform, square pieces.

       

        • Julienne: To cut food, most often vegetables, into thin four-sided strips, sometimes called matchsticks.

       

        • Mince: To cut food, such as onions and garlic, into very fine pieces.

       

        • Plump: To soak foods, especially dried fruits, in a warmed liquid.

       

        • Purée: To mash or strain a soft or cooked food until it has a smooth consistency.

       

      • Sear: The technique of exposing meat to a very high heat to quickly brown the outside, while sealing the juices inside.

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Cooking Methods You Should Know

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More words of wisdom from my mom’s 1960’s index cards

    • Blanch: The process of cooking fruits and vegetables in boiling water for a short period of time, and then plunging them into cold water to stop the cooking process. Foods are blanched to lock in colour and flavour, to precook vegetables, and to loosen skin on fruits and vegetables such as peaches and tomatoes.

 

    • Deglaze: The technique of adding liquid, usually water, wine, or broth, to a pan to loosen browned food particles. The resulting liquid is used as a base for sauces and gravies.

 

    • Pare: The technique used to remove the thin outer covering or skin of a food, usually a fruit or vegetable.

 

    • Sauté: A cooking method designed to cook foods quily over direct heat using a small amount of butter or oil. The food is constantly stirred to keep it from sticking or burning.

 

    • Simmer: The method of cooking a liquid – or food in a liquid – with gently heat, just below the boiling point.

 

  • Steep: The technique of soaking a dry ingredient in a hot liquid, so its flavour and colour are infused into the liquid. Examples of ingredients that are usually steeped are tea leaves, herbs, and spices.

I am enjoying retyping all of this, if for no other reason than a refresher course

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Conversions and Abreviations

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Abbreviations
  • tsp. = teaspoon
  • Tbs. = tablespoon
  • lb. = pound
  • oz. = ounce (weight)
  • fl. oz. = fluid ounce (volume)
  • pt = pint
  • qt = quart
  • in. = inch
  • ml = milliliter
  • gm = gram
  • cm. = centimeter
  • F = Fahrenheit
  • C = centigrade (Celsius)
  • ° = degrees

Conversions

Volume

  • 1 tsp. = 5 ml
  • 1 Tbs. = 15 ml
  • 2 Tbs. = 30 ml or 1 fl. oz.
  • 1 cup = 240 ml or 8 fl. oz. (vs. 10 oz. per cup in Imperial measure)
  • 1 pt = 480 ml or 16 fl. oz.
  • 1 qt = 960 ml or 32 fl. oz.

Weight

  • 1 oz. = 28 gm
  • 1 lb. = 454 gm
  • 2.2 lb. = 1 kg

Length

  • 1 in. = 2.54 cm.

Temperature

  • 32 °F = 0 °C (water freezes)
  • 212 °F = 100 °C (water boils)

Conversion formula:

  • °C = 5/9(°F – 32)
    e.g., 400 °F is approximately 204 °C
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Cheese Favourites

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Having lived in Europe now for nigh on 20 years, I find it very amusing retyping these very American views on cheese from the 1960’s, enjoy

  • American Cheese: is a mild, processed, cheddar-type cheese that is often sold in slices. It is a staple of the all-American burger.
  • Cheddar Cheese: is a firm, white-to-orange cheese (only white in the UK, and I think the people that live in / near Cheddar Gorge would have quite an issue to think people describe it as orange), named after an English village, with a flavour ranging from mild to sharp. It is often shredded of a salad or melted over fresh, green vegetables to add extra flavour.
  • Cream Cheese: is a spreadable, unripe, fresh cheese made from cow’s milk. Neufchâtel is the low-fat, and usually softer, version. Cream cheese is a popular cheesecake filling and bagel topping.
  • Monterey Jack Cheese: gets its name from Monterey, California. It is a mild, buttery, semisoft cheese made from cow’s milk. It is sometimes flavoured with peppers and garlic, and it is often used in Tex-Mex cooking.
  • Muenster Cheese: is a pale yellow with very small holes and an orange rind. American Muenster is mild in flavour, whereas European Muenster is more pungent. Kids love it as a snack or as a sandwich topping.
  • Parmesan Cheese: is an Italian hard cheese that is usually aged to a dry, crumbly texture. Parmesan is pleasantly sharp with a salty flavour. It is excellent for grating over pasta sauces or salads.
  • Swiss Cheese: is a generic name for a group of pale-yellow cheeses with large holes. They have a mild, nutty flavour and a firm, slightly dry texture. Swiss is often used in cooking and is a dearly loved sandwich topping. (and I have never found it here in the UK, the closest I have found is Edam)

Now there are a TON of cheeses from Europe that should be listed here – UK: Stinking Bishop, Stilton or Cornish Yarg, France: Mont D’Or just to name my personal favourites but… I can’t wait to see the comments of cheeses people would like to cover (Zoey and I had a hard white cheese, like Parmesan, with black truffles inside that was the best I have ever had during one of our anniversary meals). So please comment and share your favourite cheeses or items missed

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BBQ Basics

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This is another doozy from my mom’s index cards – it even has a nice 1960’s feel to it…

  • Always position the grill on a heatproof surface away from trees and shrubbery. Make sure the grill vents are not clogged with ashes prior to starting a fire.
  • For direct cooking, arrange coals in a single layer directly under the food. Use this method for quick-cooking fish as well as other foods such as hamburgers, steaks, and chops.
  • For indirect cooking, place a drip pan in the center of the grill base with coals on either side of the pan. This arrangement will provide optimal heat. Use this method for slow-cooking foods such as roasts and whole chickens.
  • Add water-soaked wood chips, such as hickory or mesquite, to hot coals to give grilled meats a rich, smoky flavour.
  • To avoid flare-ups and charred foods when grilling, it’s best to trim meat of excess fat.
  • The best method to accurately determine doneness of large cuts of meat is to use a meat thermometer.
  • Always serve cooked meats and poultry on a clean plate – not the one that held the raw food!
While all of this is true, I was a bit surprised as I was retyping the printed sheet that some of these tips are being resold as new ideas (for instance, indirect cooking). While it is obvious that this is not be new at all, there are some new tricks being used on the the old trade used in conjunction with this such as searing after the slow cook.

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Baking Secrets

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My mom let me digitise her recipe box and a few anecdotal nuggets popped out

  • Always read the entire recipe before you begin to ensure that you have all the necessary ingredients and utensils.
  • Use the pan size specified in each recipe, and prepare it as directed
  • Measure the ingredients accurately, and assemble them in the order they are listed in the recipe.
  • When baking cakes, do not open the oven during the first half of the baking time. Cold air will interfere with the rising of the cake.
  • The best method for determining if a cake is done is to insert a toothpick or cake tester into the center of the cake; the cake is done if the toothpick comes out clean and dry.
  • Your cakes will have a more professional look if you apply a thin layer of frosting to seal in any remaining crumbs, and then apply a thicker, final layer after the thin coating has set.
  • Toasting nuts enhance their flavour.  Spread nuts out in a single layer on a jelly-roll pan, and bake in a preheated oven at 325°F/165°C for 8 to 10 minutes or until lightly toasted.  Stir several times, and cool the nuts before using them.

 

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100 Greatest Cooking Tips of all time!

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From Food Network

1. Remember, y’all, it’s all about the prep. Take away the stress by doing the prep the night or day before. You’ll look like a star.

Paula Deen
Paula’s Best Dishes

2. The smaller the item, the higher the baking temperature. For example, I bake mini chocolate chip-toffee cookies at 500 degrees F for only 4 minutes. Perfect end result.

Jim Lahey
Co. and Sullivan Street Bakery , New York City

3. Store spices in a cool, dark place, not above your stove. Humidity, light and heat will cause herbs and spices to lose their flavor.

Rick Tramonto
Tramonto’s Steak & Seafood, Osteria di Tramonto and RT Lounge, Wheeling, IL

4. Use a coarse Microplane to shave vegetables into salads or vinaigrettes. You can create an orange-fennel dressing by adding grated fennel and orange zest to a simple vinaigrette.

Paul Kahan
Avec , Big Star , Blackbird and The Publican , Chicago

5. Always make stock in a large quantity and freeze it in plastic bags. That way, when you want to make a nice soup or boil veggies, you can simply pull the bag out of the freezer.

Charlie Trotter
Charlie Trotter’s , Chicago

6. If you’re cooking for someone important — whether it’s your boss or a date — never try a new recipe and a new ingredient at the same time.

Marcus Samuelsson
Red Rooster , New York City

7. Cook pasta 1 minute less than the package instructions and cook it the rest of the way in the pan with sauce.

Mario Batali
Iron Chef America

8. After making eggs sunny-side up, deglaze the pan with sherry vinegar, then drizzle the sauce on the eggs to add another dimension to the dish.

Didier Elena
Adour , New York City

9. After working with garlic, rub your hands vigorously on your stainless steel sink for 30 seconds before washing them. It will remove the odor.

Gerard Craft
Niche and Taste , St. Louis

10. Brine, baby, brine! Ya gotta brine that poultry to really give it the super flavor.

Guy Fieri
Diners, Drive-ins and Dives

11. Remember schmaltz? Your mom and grandmother probably used a lot of it in their home cooking. Schmaltz, or chicken fat, has a great flavor and richness; it has a deeper flavor than duck fat and can be used on nearly everything. I also love poaching fish in it.

Tony Maws
Craigie On Main, Cambridge, MA

12. If you find you need more oil in the pan when sautéing, add it in a stream along the edges of the pan so that by the time the oil reaches the ingredient being cooked, it will be heated.

Anita Lo
Annisa, New York City

13. When you deep-fry, hold each piece of food with long tongs as you add it to the oil. Hold it just below the oil’s surface for five seconds before releasing it. This will seal the exterior and stop it from sticking to the pot or the other food.

Michael Psilakis
FishTag and Kefi, New York City

14. For rich, creamy dressings made healthy, substitute half the mayo with Greek-style yogurt.

Ellie Krieger
Healthy Appetite with Ellie Krieger

15. When chopping herbs, toss a little salt onto the cutting board; it will keep the herbs from flying around.

Joanne Chang
Flour Bakery & Cafe, Boston

16. To make a great sandwich, spread the mayonnaise from corner to corner on the bread. People rush this step and just do a swoosh down the middle. Every bite should be flavorful. Now that’s a sandwich!

Roy Choi
Kogi BBQ and A-Frame, Los Angeles

17. If you keep it simple and buy ingredients at farmers’ markets, the food can pretty much take care of itself. Do as little as possible to the food; consider leaving out an ingredient and relying on instinct.

Tony Mantuano
Spiaggia, Chicago

18. Always season meat and fish evenly; sprinkle salt and pepper as though it’s “snowing.” This will avoid clumping or ending up with too much seasoning in some areas and none in others.

Mary Dumont
Harvest, Cambridge, MA

19. For best results when you’re baking, leave butter and eggs at room temperature overnight.

Ina Garten
Barefoot Contessa: Back to Basics

20. Homemade vinaigrettes have fewer ingredients and taste better than bottled ones. No need to whisk them: Just put all the ingredients in a sealed container and shake.

Bill Telepan
Telepan, New York City

21. For an easy weeknight meal, save and freeze leftover sauces from previous meals in ice cube trays. The cubes can be reheated in a sauté pan when you need a quick sauce.

David Burke
David Burke Townhouse, New York City

22. When making meatballs or meatloaf, you need to know how the mixture tastes before you cook it. Make a little patty and fry it in a pan like a mini hamburger. Then you can taste it and adjust the seasoning.

Isaac Becker
112 Eatery, Minneapolis

23. Instead of placing a chicken on a roasting rack, cut thick slices of onion, put them in an oiled pan, then place the chicken on top. The onion will absorb the chicken juices. After roasting, let the chicken rest while you make a sauce with the onions by adding a little stock or water to the pan and cooking it for about 3 minutes on high heat.

Donald Link
Cochon and Herbsaint, New Orleans

24. Low and slow.

Pat Neely
Down Home with the Neelys

25. After cutting corn off the cob, use the back side of a knife (not the blade side) to scrape the cob again to extract the sweet milk left behind. This milk adds flavor and body to any corn dish.

Kerry Simon
Simon, Las Vegas and Simon LA, Los Angeles

Lay the corn horizontally on a board, then cut off the kernels.

Run the back of your knife over the empty cob to extract the milk.

26. Acidity, salt and horseradish bring out full flavors in food.

Michael Symon
Iron Chef America

27. Take the time to actually read recipes through before you begin.

John Besh
Author of My New Orleans

28. Organize yourself. Write a prep list and break that list down into what may seem like ridiculously small parcels, like “grate cheese” and “grind pepper” and “pull out plates.” You will see that a “simple meal” actually has more than 40 steps. If even 10 of those steps require 10 minutes each and another 10 of those steps take 5 minutes each, you’re going to need two and a half hours of prep time. (And that doesn’t include phone calls, bathroom breaks and changing the radio station!) Write down the steps and then cross them off. It’s very satisfying!

Gabrielle Hamilton
Prune, New York City

29. Recipes are only a guideline, not the Bible. Feel comfortable replacing ingredients with similar ingredients that you like. If you like oregano but not thyme, use oregano.

Alex Seidel
Fruition, Denver

30. A braised or slow-roasted whole beef roast or pork shoulder can be made into several dishes and sandwiches all week.

Elizabeth Falkner
Citizen Cake and Orson, San Francisco

31. Taste as you go!

Anne Burrell
Secrets of a Restaurant Chef

32. Anytime you are using raw onions in a salsa and you are not going to eat that salsa in the next 20 minutes or so, be sure to rinse the diced onions under cold running water first, then blot dry. This will rid them of sulfurous gas that can ruin fresh salsa. It’s really important in guacamole, too.

Mark Miller
Coyote Cafe, Santa Fe, NM

33. Do not use oil in the water when boiling pasta: It will keep the sauce from sticking to the cooked pasta.

Missy Robbins
A Voce, New York City

34. For safety, put a wine cork on the tip of a knife before putting the knife in a drawer.

Giuseppe Tentori
Boka Restaurant & Bar, Chicago

35. When you’re going to sauté garlic, slice it rather than mincing it — it’s less likely to burn that way.

Aarti Sequeira
Aarti Party

36. When you’re browning meat, you should blot the surface dry with a paper towel so the meat doesn’t release moisture when it hits the hot oil. Too much moisture makes the meat steam instead of sear, and you will lose that rich brown crust.

Charlie Palmer
Charlie Palmer Group

37. To cut pancetta or bacon into lardons, put in the freezer for 15 minutes. This will firm up the meat and make it easier to cut.

Chris Cosentino
Chefs vs. City

38. A cast-iron pan is a valuable kitchen ally. It offers an even cooking surface and is a breeze to clean.

Linton Hopkins
Restaurant Eugene, Atlanta

39. Smash garlic cloves inside a resealable plastic bag with the back of a knife. That way, your cutting board and knife won’t smell.

Laurent Tourondel
Brasserie Ruhlmann, New York City

40. To get nice, crispy caramelization on roasted vegetables, simulate the intense heat of an industrial oven: Bring your oven up as hot as it goes, then put an empty roasting or sheet pan inside for 10 to 15 minutes. Toss the vegetables — try carrots or Brussels sprouts — with olive oil, salt and pepper, and put them on the hot pan. This method will give you the high heat you need to caramelize the sugars in the vegetables quickly.

Naomi Pomeroy
Beast, Portland, OR

41. Invest in a bottle of high-quality olive oil. Just a small drizzle can really bring out the flavor of pizza, mozzarella, pasta, fish and meat.

vNancy Silverton
Osteria Mozza, Los Angeles

42. Marinating meat with citrus can give it a mealy texture. If you like citrus, a little squeeze of lemon or lime is always a good way to finish the dish instead.

Tim Love
Lonesome Dove Western Bistro, Fort Worth, TX

43. Add cheese rinds to vegetable or meat broths for another dimension of flavor.

Paul Virant
Vie, Western Springs, IL

44. When seasoning a salad, use coarse sea salt mixed with a little olive oil. It will stay crunchy when combined with the vinaigrette.

Paul Liebrandt
Corton, New York City

45. Always use sharp knives. Not only is it safer but it will make your work much more efficient.

April Bloomfield
The Spotted Pig, The Breslin and The John Dory Oyster Bar, New York City

46. Rest, rest, rest! Always let your meat rest — especially off a hot grill!

Melissa d’Arabian
Ten Dollar Dinners

47. Plunge vegetables in ice water after blanching (boiling) them so they maintain a bright color.

Maria Hines
Tilth, Seattle

48. Invest in parchment paper for lining pans. It makes all of your baked goods super easy to remove, and it makes cleanup a dream (no butter-flour mixture or errant batter to scrape off).

Matt Lewis
Baked, Brooklyn and Charleston, SC

49. My grandfather taught me this tip: After you drain pasta, while it’s still hot, grate some fresh Parmesan on top before tossing it with your sauce. This way, the sauce has something to stick to.

Giada De Laurentiis
Giada at Home

50. Don’t overcrowd the pan when you’re sautéing — it’ll make your food steam instead.

Ryan Poli
Perennial, Chicago

51. When you roast a whole chicken, the breast always overcooks and dries out because the legs have to cook longer. This is a really simple way to keep a chicken breast moist: Separate the breast and the leg. Season as you normally would and roast as you normally would, but remove the breast sooner than the leg.

Tim Cushman
O Ya, Boston

52. Buy fruit at its peak at a farmers’ market and freeze it in an airtight container so you can enjoy it year round.

Mindy Segal
Mindy’s HotChocolate, Chicago

53. Fresh basil keeps much better and longer at room temperature with the stems in water.

Elisabeth Prueitt
Tartine Bakery, San Francisco

54. Season all of your food from start to finish. Seasoning in stages brings the most out of your ingredients and gives you the most flavor.

Jose Garces
Iron Chef America

55. To cook a steak, I always start by cooking it on its side, where there is a rim of fat on its narrow edge. I render it down so there’s good, flavorful fat in the pan for the rest of the cooking.

Alain Ducasse
Adour and Benoit, New York City

Choose a steak with a layer of fat on one side, such as ribeye or sirloin.

Put the steak fat-side down in a hot pan, holding it with tongs.

Once the fat is rendered, lay the steak flat in the pan and cook on both sides.

56. Taste what you make before you serve it. I’m amazed that people will follow a recipe but not taste the dish to see if it needs more salt, pepper or spices.

Brad Farmerie
Public and Double Crown, New York City

57. Season fish simply and cook it with respect. The flavor of the fish is what you want. When it comes off the grill or out of the oven or pan, finish it with a little squeeze of fresh lemon juice. Always. There is just something about lemon and fish that is heavenly.

Rick Moonen
RM Seafood, Las Vegas

58. If you’re cooking cauliflower, add a bit of milk to the water with salt to keep the cauliflower bright white. Shock it in cold water to stop the cooking and then serve.

Michael White
Marea, Osteria Morini and Ai Fiori, New York City

59. When grinding your own beef for burgers, grind in some bacon.

Sean Brock
McCrady’s, Charleston, SC

60. Don’t go to the store with a shopping list. Go to the store, see what ingredients look good and then make your list.

Alex Guarnaschelli
Alex’s Day Off

61. When making mashed potatoes, after you drain the potatoes, return them to the hot pan, cover tightly and let steam for 5 minutes. This allows the potatoes to dry out so they’ll mash to a beautiful texture and soak up the butter and cream more easily.

Wolfgang Puck
Spago, Los Angeles

62. If you want to make a proper Louisiana-style roux that’s chocolate in color and rich in flavor, remember slow and low is the way to go.

Emeril Lagasse
Fresh Food Fast

63. For better-tasting asparagus, cure the stalks: Peel them, roll in equal parts sugar and salt, and let them sit for 10 minutes, then rinse off and prepare as desired.

Shea Gallante
Ciano, New York City

64. When you grill, pull your steaks out of the refrigerator one hour ahead of time so they can come to room temperature.

Geoffrey Zakarian
The Lambs Club and The National, New York City

65. Always measure what you’re baking. No shortcuts in pastry: It’s a science.

Francois Payard
Francois Payard Bakery, New York City

66. When using fresh herbs such as cilantro or parsley, add whole stems to salads and sandwiches, and chop and stir leaves into salsas and guacamole.

Aarón Sánchez
Chefs vs. City

67. If you don’t have time to brine your chicken, use this simple trick: Heavily salt the chicken (inside and out) about an hour before you cook it. Then pat it dry and roast. This ensures crispy skin and juicy meat.

David Myers
Comme Ça, Los Angeles and Las Vegas

68. When made properly, risotto’s richness comes from the starchy rice and the stock. As the risotto cooks, stir it with a wooden spoon in rhythmic movements that go across the bottom and around the sides of the pan. The rice should constantly be bubbling, drinking up the liquid as it cooks.

Suzanne Goin
Lucques and AOC, Los Angeles

69. Use a cake tester to test the doneness of fish, meat and vegetables. It’s my secret weapon — I use it in the kitchen to test everything.

Daniel Humm
Eleven Madison Park, New York City

70. Serving cake:
1. Serve at room temperature.
2. Don’t “pre-slice” cake more than 20 minutes in advance. It dries out too quickly.
3. You don’t have to eat the fondant. It’s really pretty, but if you don’t want a mouthful of pure sugar, peel it off.
4. The best cake comes from Baltimore. Just sayin’.

Duff Goldman
Ace of Cakes

71. To optimize the juice you get from a lemon or lime, roll it hard under your palm for a minute before juicing. (Or — never say I told you this — microwave it for 10 to 15 seconds.)

Patricia Yeo
Lucky Duck, Boston

72. For perfect vegetable soup, start with diced carrots, onions, peppers and tomatoes sautéed in oil or butter before you add any liquid. This brings out the taste and caramelizes the sugars.

Shaun Hergatt
SHO Shaun Hergatt, New York City

73. Have your mise en place ready: Do all of your cutting of vegetables and meat and make your sauces before you start cooking.

Richard Sandoval
Zengo, multiple locations

74. Try smoked fleur de sel: Use it sparingly to finish a dish and bring another layer of flavor.

Michael Schwartz
Michael’s Genuine Food & Drink, Miami

75. Clean as you go. (Dorky, but I swear it really helps.)

Rick Bayless
Frontera Grill, XOCO and Topolobampo, Chicago

76. Shoes off, music on, favorite beverage in hand — enjoy your time in the kitchen.

Claire Robinson
5 Ingredient Fix

77. Always buy the freshest garlic you can find; the fresher it is, the sweeter it will be. The best garlic has firm tissue-like skin and should not be bruised, sprouted, soft or shriveled. If you find cloves that have green shoots, discard the shoots — they will only add bitterness.

Todd English
The Plaza Food Hall by Todd English, New York City

78. Keep flavored vinegars near the stove so you won’t always reach for the salt. Acid enhances flavor.

Art Smith
Table Fifty-Two, Chicago; Art and Soul, Washington, D.C.

79. Don’t be too hard on yourself — mistakes make some of the best recipes! Keep it simple.

Sunny Anderson
Cooking for Real

80. Fry eggs the Spanish way: Get a good quantity of olive oil hot. Before you add the egg, heat the spatula (if it’s metal) in the oil first. That way the egg won’t stick to it. Add the egg and fry it quickly, until it gets “puntillitas,” or slightly browned edges.

José Andrés
Think Food Group

Heat a metal spatula in a skillet with hot olive oil.

Fry the eggs until browned around the edges; remove with the hot spatula.

81. Prolong the lifespan of greens by wrapping them loosely in a damp paper towel and placing in a resealable plastic bag. That local arugula will last about four days longer.

Hugh Acheson
Five & Ten, Athens, GA

82. Want to know if your oil is hot enough for frying? Here’s a tip: Stick a wooden skewer or spoon in the oil. If bubbles form around the wood, then you are good to go.

Aaron McCargo, Jr.
Big Daddy’s House

83. When a recipe calls for zest, instead of grating it into a separate container or onto parchment paper, hold the zester over the mixing bowl and zest directly onto the butter or cream. The aromatic citrus oils that are sprayed into the bowl will give the dessert a zesty finish.

Pichet Ong
Spot Dessert Bar, New York City

84. Use good oil when cooking. Smell and taste it: If it doesn’t taste good alone, it won’t taste good in your food.

Michelle Bernstein
Michy’s and Sra. Martinez, Miami

85. Cook with other people who want to learn or who know how to cook.

Laurent Gras
New York City

86. Cook more often. Don’t study; just cook.

Masaharu Morimoto
Iron Chef America

87. Make sure the handle of your sauté pan is turned away from you so you don’t hit it and knock it off the stove. It happens all the time.

Jonathan Waxman
Barbuto, New York City

88. Don’t dress the salad when having a big party. Leave it on the side and let the people do it themselves. I’ve had too many soggy salads because of this.

Marc Forgione
Iron Chef America

89. For crispy fish skin, rest the fish on paper towels skin-side down for a few minutes before cooking (the towels absorb moisture). Then sauté skin-side down over medium heat in oil and butter. Flip over for the last few minutes of cooking.

Govind Armstrong
8 oz. Burger Bar, Los Angeles and Miami

90. When cooking eggplant, I like to use the long, skinny, purple Japanese kind because you don’t have to salt it to pull out the bitter liquid like you do with the larger Italian variety.

Andrew Carmellini
Locanda Verde and The Dutch, New York City

91. Caramelize onions very quickly by cooking them in a dry nonstick sauté pan over medium-high heat. They will caramelize beautifully in a lot less time than with traditional methods.

Michael Mina
Bourbon Steak and Michael Mina restaurants, multiple locations

92. To help keep an onion together while dicing, do not remove the root.

Jean-Robert de Cavel
Jean-Robert’s Table, Cincinnati

Slice off the pointy stem, then cut the onion in half through the root; peel.

Put each half cut-side down; make horizontal cuts parallel to the board.

Make vertical cuts, starting close to the root end; do not slice through the root.

Holding the root end, slice across the vertical cuts; the diced onion will fall away.

93. Whenever you cook pasta, remove some of the pasta-cooking water (about 1/4 or 1/3 cup) just before draining. When you add the sauce of your choice to the pasta, add a little of the cooking liquid. This helps sauce to amalgamate; the starch in the water adds body and a kind of creaminess. An old Italian friend of mine instructed me in this finishing touch early on, and I would never, ever leave it out. It makes all the difference.

Nigella Lawson
Nigella Kitchen

94. Making the best ceviche is simple: Use freshly squeezed lime juice and glistening fresh fish.

Douglas Rodriguez
Alma de Cuba, Philadelphia

95. When making caramel, use a nonstick pot. That way, when you pour the mixture out, there is no waste, and cleaning the pot is a breeze.

Jehangir Mehta
Mehtaphor and Graffiti, New York City

96. Don’t be afraid to ask the butcher or fishmonger to see the products up close and to smell for freshness. Fish should never smell fishy.

Eric Ripert
Le Bernardin, New York City

97. Always start with a smokin’ hot pan!

Cat Cora
Iron Chef America

98. When baking cookies, be sure your dough is thoroughly chilled when it goes on your baking pan. This will allow the leavening ingredients to work before the butter flattens out and your cookies lose their textural distinctions.

Norman Van Aken
Norman’s, Orlando, FL

99. My general advice to home cooks is that if you think you have added enough salt, double it.

Grant Achatz
Alinea and Aviary, Chicago

100. Reduce the heat of chiles by removing the seeds. My method is making four straight cuts down the sides. This will create four long slivers, and the cluster of seeds will remain in the center of the chile. The result will be less heat and more great flavor.

Dean Fearing
Fearing’s, Dallas

Slice lengthwise along one side of the chile, keeping the stem and seedpod intact.

Turn the chile and slice off another side; repeat to remove the other two sides.

Once you have removed all the flesh, discard the stem and seeds.

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10 Common Pancake-Making Mistakes—and How to Avoid Them

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I was making buttermilk pancakes for Zoey the other day as I think it is only appropriate that the American makes pancakes and not crepes!

But that is when it dawned on me that, based on my past performances, I wasn’t necessarily the best to demonstrate this (I don’t even like pancakes). However, I found this and it made a huge difference, I recommend giving it a peruse and take it or leave it. Normally, I would just jump in and make it up as I go along but that didn’t work with pancakes but this did, the only other point to add is don’t make it too hot and definitely clean out the pan from time to time.

This is a short and informative read, I suggest learning this, then deciding what bits to ignore and make your own…

So without further ado…
10 Common Pancake-Making Mistakes—and How to Avoid Them

While the recipe can’t be ignored, thank you Danielle Walsh for contributing to my first successful “wow factor” buttermilk pancakes.

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